Time and effort reporting consistently ranks at or near the top of significant risks facing institutions involved in research. This session will focus on crucial effort reporting concepts, as well as a discussion of real tools and monitoring tips that work. Specific complex examples of effort and salary reconciliation will be reviewed and the course materials will include a sample audit program for effort reporting review. Attendees will gain an understanding of why key policies and procedures must be in place and functioning in order to practically administer effort reporting and why definitions and policies regarding key salary and effort concepts are crucial to the effort reporting process. Additionally, attendees will learn the rationale for A-21 requirements and have the opportunity to discuss pitfalls of an inadequate effort reporting process.